Smart gene therapeutics for selective targeting of myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells and limited expression under inflamed conditions

Dear Editor, Recently, we reported the role of transcriptional intermediary factor-1γ (TIF1γ) fromhepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in preventing liver fibrosis.1 Therefore, an effective strategy to supply TIF1γ during liver injury offers significant therapeutic promise. Here, we devised a strategy to induce TIF1γ expression selectively in HSCs exclusively under inflamed liver conditions. We developed a TGFβ1promoter-driven construct that induces TIF1γ expression in an inflamed liver undergoing fibrosis.2,3 Additionally, we used a liposome–vitamin A (LiVitA) conjugate as a vehicle because vitamin A is selectively taken up and stored by HSCs in the human body.4 To evaluate the potential of TIF1γ in managing liver fibrosis, we systemically injected a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven plasmid (pCMV-mTIF1γ) into mice with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury. Consequently, the area of collagen deposition in the injured liver was significantly reduced (Figure 1A). We then checked human specimens to test the applicability of TIF1γ as a therapeutic agent and of the TGFβ1-promoter as the smart switch that should be turned on only in inflamed or injured liver. Cirrhotic human liver showed no expression of TIF1γ and very strong and wide expression of TGFβ1 and the fibrosis marker αSMA, which was in direct contrast to the pattern observed in normal human liver (Figure 1B). Staining with the HSC-marker CRBP1 demonstrated that HSCs expressed TGFβ1 (yellow circle) and αSMA (yellow arrow) in the cirrhotic liver (Figures 1B and S1). To enhance TIF1γ expression in HSCs under inflamed conditions with high TGFβ1 expression, we introduced the TGFβ1-promoter-driven TIF1γ into the human HSC line LX2 and assessed its selective expression according to the scheme shown in Figure 2A. The increased expression of αSMA or collagen type 1a (COL1A) under TGFβ1 was downregulated after transfecting the TGFβ1-


Dear Editor,
Recently, we reported the role of transcriptional intermediary factor-1γ (TIF1γ) from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in preventing liver fibrosis. 1 Therefore, an effective strategy to supply TIF1γ during liver injury offers significant therapeutic promise. Here, we devised a strategy to induce TIF1γ expression selectively in HSCs exclusively under inflamed liver conditions. We developed a TGFβ1promoter-driven construct that induces TIF1γ expression in an inflamed liver undergoing fibrosis. 2,3 Additionally, we used a liposome-vitamin A (LiVitA) conjugate as a vehicle because vitamin A is selectively taken up and stored by HSCs in the human body. 4 To evaluate the potential of TIF1γ in managing liver fibrosis, we systemically injected a cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven plasmid (pCMV-mTIF1γ) into mice with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury. Consequently, the area of collagen deposition in the injured liver was significantly reduced ( Figure 1A). We then checked human specimens to test the applicability of TIF1γ as a therapeutic agent and of the TGFβ1-promoter as the smart switch that should be turned on only in inflamed or injured liver. Cirrhotic human liver showed no expression of TIF1γ and very strong and wide expression of TGFβ1 and the fibrosis marker αSMA, which was in direct contrast to the pattern observed in normal human liver ( Figure 1B). Staining with the HSC-marker CRBP1 demonstrated that HSCs expressed TGFβ1 (yellow circle) and αSMA (yellow arrow) in the cirrhotic liver ( Figures 1B and S1).
To enhance TIF1γ expression in HSCs under inflamed conditions with high TGFβ1 expression, we introduced the TGFβ1-promoter-driven TIF1γ into the human HSC line LX2 and assessed its selective expression according to the scheme shown in Figure 2A promoter-driven TIF1γ ( Figure 2B). We then verified the induction of TIF1γ expression under TGFβ1 upregulation, resulting in suppression of αSMA expression ( Figure 2C).
Because the homology of mTIF1γ and human TIF1γ (hTIF1γ) is 96% ( Figure S2), we prepared mouse TIF1γ cDNA (mTIF1γ) for a TAA-induced fibrotic mouse experiment and tested it in vitro using LX2 cells. CMV-or TGFβ1-driven mTIF1γ reduced the expression of αSMA and COL1A in the human cells ( Figure 2D). To observe the functionality of mTIF1γ at the single-cell level, we transfected LX2 cells with the bi-cistronic construct CMV promoter-driven mTIF1γ/IRES-driven emerald green fluorescent protein (emGFP) (CMV-mTIF1γ/IRES-emGFP). LX2 cells transfected with this construct expressed high levels of GFP and TIF1γ but did not express αSMA well (yellow asterisk, Figure 2E). By contrast, LX2 cells transfected only with GFP (pCMV-emGFP) did not express TIF1γ but expressed αSMA (black asterisk, Figure 2E).
Vitamin A is stored mainly in HSCs in the body. Therefore, we prepared plasmid-containing LiVitA ( Figure 3A) and measured its size and zeta potential using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, respectively ( Figure 3B). Next, we prepared CMV-emGFP plasmid-containing LiVitA and administered it systemically via an intra-cardiac injection to test whether the plasmid targeted HSCs selectively. emGFP was detected only in the liver ( Figures 3C and S3). Subsequently, targeted delivery by CMV-emGFP plasmid-containing LiVitA was further demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of isolated cells from liver, wherein approximately 4% of HSCs were transfected with GFP packaged in LiVitA, whereas only 1% of HSCs were transfected with GFP packaged in simple liposomes ( Figures 3D  and S4). To assess the selective induction of the TGFβ1-promoter under liver injury conditions in vivo, we compared constructs containing CMV promoter-driven GFP versus TGFβ1-promoter-driven tdTomato. We verified plasmid delivery by performing polymerase chain reaction with the genomic DNA of liver ( Figure 3E). The turn-on selectivity of the TGFβ1-promoter under fibrotic conditions was demonstrated using the immunofluorescence of tdTomato. TAA-treated fibrotic liver showed the expression of GFP and tdTomato, whereas normal liver showed the expression of GFP only ( Figure 3F).
We systemically administered LiVitAs containing TGFβ1-promoter-driven mTIF1γ plasmid four times via intra-cardiac injections during liver injury induced by multiple TAA injections for 52 days. TGFβ1-promoterdriven TIF1γ gene therapy significantly reduced liver fibrosis as much as CMV promoter-driven TIF1γ gene therapy did ( Figure S5A,B). Moreover, its therapeutic effect was maintained even with a single injection ( Figure S5C,D).
Next, we performed a codon-optimization process by modifying the coding sequence of hTIF1γ 5 Figure 4A). In the next in vivo animal experiment, we integrated this optimized sequence in the construct for future clinical application ( Figure 4B). The mouse HSC line mSV40 was used to determine the functionality of the optimized hTIF1γ by assessing the downregulation of the genes associated with fibrosis, namely, αSMA and COL1A ( Figure S6). Then, we systemically administered LiVitAs containing TGFβ1-promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ/IRES-tdTomato in pVAX1 plasmid through a single intra-cardiac injection to the liver injury mouse model stimulated with three rounds of triple TAA injections. Mild fibrotic transformation after one round of triple injection of TAA was observed on day 10, at which point we administered LiVitAs containing TGFβ1-promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ/IRES-tdTomato plasmid and evaluated the effects on day 26. The fibrotic areas with related genes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (steatosis, inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes) were significantly reduced by LiVitAs containing TGFβ1promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ plasmid, as well as by LiVitAs containing CMV promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ plasmid ( Figures 4C and S7A-E). Serum AST and ALT levels were also significantly reduced ( Figure 4D). As predicted, αSMA expression in HSC augmented by TAA was attenuated, and hepatocytes were restored to their original condition in animals treated with LiVitAs containing TGFβ1-promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ/IRES-tdTomato plasmid ( Figures 4E  and S7E). The selectivity and effect of LiVitAs containing TGFβ1-promoter-driven optimized hTIF1γ plasmid were proven by the CRBP1-positive HSCs that express   In conclusion, we developed a smart strategy for gene therapy to specifically target liver injury and subsequent fibrosis; the strategy used a TGFβ1-promoter-driven optimized TIF1γ gene in liposome-vitamin A conjugate that enables the high expression of TIF1γ gene selectively in HSCs under the inflamed liver. The strategy of gene therapeutics has enormous potential for clinical application in patients with liver injury and subsequent fibrosis. [6][7][8]